Nowadays, smart grid implementation is a new and challenging issue. One of the important parameters in the smart grids is their fast and accurate Fault locator capability. This capability reduces power outage time, which the repair teams of the power distribution companies mostly lose to find the Fault location in a traditional way. The Fault allocation in the distribution networks, due to their topological nature (high complexity, intermediate loads, load uncertainty, no homogeneity of lines, etc. ), is a very difficult and different from transmission networks. In this research, Fault indicator information is used to deal with multiple result problem introduced by Fault locator in distribution networks. In this paper, a forward-backward sweep based method is introduced to find Fault location. There are some uncertain parameter in Fault location because of the error on the load estimation. There is correlation between these parameters due to similarity of the environmental conditions and customer behavior. Therefore, two methods (Monte Carlo and two-point estimation) are used to model probabilistic parameters on Fault location. Finally, the 11-bus test network and the actual 306-bus Sharfabad feeder network in Kerman are utilized to evaluate the proposed method.

Due to the possibility of Fault in any industrial system's actuators, using a Fault-tolerant control structure to compensate for the Fault and maintain the system stability seems necessary. In this paper, the Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor model is evaluated, which has a nonlinear model with temperature outputs and heating inlets of interconnected tanks. An Unscented Kalman filter is used to estimate the model's output dynamics, which has a suitable convergence speed and higher accuracy than other estimators. The nonlinear predictive control approach is used to apply the appropriate heating rate to the system to achieve the desired temperatures for each tank when there is no Fault in the system. In the proposed design, to compensate for the Fault, a sliding mode observer has been used to identify the Fault. When a Fault is detected, a fuzzy proportional derivative controller is used to control the system's Fault. MATLAB software has been to evaluate the proposed method in different working modes of the reactor model. The simulation results show the good performance of the proposed method to compensate for the Fault.

In this paper, the behavior of a Fault is studied using a constant strain joint model. A combination of slider and spring is used to simulate the shear behavior of Faults in the plastic region in contrast to the previous models that have only used an elastic shear spring. Furthermore, the proposed joint element was used to study the behavior of a Fault crossing a tunnel regarding the represented shear plastic and dilation behavior of this joint element, and for this purpose a Matlab based program called FEAFB (Finite element analysis of Fault behavior) has been developed. The corresponding normal and shear stresses, shear strengths and the factors of safety, for different horizontal to vertical stress ratios and shear stiffness are analyzed and compared to the results of a similar modeling in UDEC program. The analysis indicates that the normal and shear stresses, and the shear strength are increased in the Fault elements near the tunnel, and they are decreased in the elements becoming far from the tunnel surface. However, the safety factor can either increase or decrease as it becomes closer to the tunnel surface, depending on the horizontal to vertical stress ratio. Moreover, it is also shown that safety factor depends upon the shear stiffness, i.e., as shear stiffness increases, shear stress increases, and as a result, the safety factor decreases.

Motorcyclists in developing countries ride on congested urban roads to earn money and are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. They may, however, be deterred by positive motivations and values. Previous studies have indicated that lifestyle reflects human values, which makes it essential to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and riding behavior. The current study aims to investigate relationships between lifestyle factors, aberrant riding behavior, and self-reported crashes in a sample of Iranian motorcyclists. A total of 437 male motorcycle riders participated in the study. The respondents completed a lifestyle questionnaire, a motorcycle rider behavior questionnaire (MRBQ), and items related to at-Fault crashes and socio-demographics. To analyze the data, first, we used Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) to analyze the questionnaire structure. A Structural Equation modeling (SEM) study was then conducted to find causal relationships between lifestyle variables, riding behavior, and at-Fault crashes. Four factors emerged from the MRBQ as an outcome of EFA: traffic violations, speed violations, errors, and stunts. Results of SEM showed that motorcycle use for recreational purposes increased riders' likelihood of committing violations, errors, and stunts. As an interesting outcome, enhancing morality traits among motorcyclists (an exploratory factor considered in this study) may reduce their stunts to a significant extent. At-Fault crashes are also positively associated with motorcyclists' errors, according to the model. The promotion of alternative ways of excitement-seeking may reduce aberrant riding behavior among motorcyclists. As well, implementing measures targeted towards riders with low socioeconomic status would reduce the length of time that they spend working by motorcycle and their errors, increasing safety in countries like Iran.

Correct exploitation of groundwater water resources in any area requires knowledge of geological and hydrological features and structures of that area. Tectonic structures, especially Faults, have a major impact on the abundance and quality of groundwater resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Khoshkarud Fault on the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer of Zarandieh Saveh plain. This aquifer is located in the north of Markazi Province. In this research, the changes in the hydrogeological parameters of the aquifer on the sides of the Fault line were investigated using the data of the 21-year statistical period (1990 to 2011) and using ArcGIS 9.3 software.The results showed that the highest thickness of alluvium and the maximum transverse electrical resistance equal to 6000 ohm-m2, in the center of the northern block, and lowest thickness of alluvium and the lowest value of transverse electrical resistance It is equal to 500 ohm-m2, located on the southern block, which indicates the direct effect of the Fault on the aquifer geometry. In the western region of the Khoshkarud Fault and from the beginning of the Fault's entrance to the aquifer to the vicinity of Shokhroud city, 23 km long, due to the absence of transverse flow from the Fault and the flow direction being parallel to the Fault line, the dissimilarity of the water level drop trend in the piezometers opposite and on the sides of the Fault in the 48-month time series (2008 to 2011) and the dissimilarity of the distribution map of the concentration of hydrochemical parameters sampled in September 2011 on the sides of the Fault, shows that in the western part of the aquifer, the Fault acts as a hydraulic barrier, While in other parts of the Fault extension, there is a connection.

In this paper, a new method for designing autopilot for an air vehicle with polynomial nonlinear model is presented. Moreover the method is developed to Fault tolerant control autopilot using combined projection and redesign methods. The nominal autopilot has been designed based on regulator controller for the polynomial nonlinear model and sum of square optimization theory. Previous theoretical methods have been extended from the regulator type to the tracking. Stability of the closed loop system is guaranteed by introducing a polynomial Lyapunov function that is derived using sum of squares optimization method. Then, the feasibility problem has been changed to the optimization problem. The proposed method has been used on an air vehicle supersonic with nonlinear polynomial model. The results showed proper operation in normal and Faulty situations.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.